![]() ![]() Individuals’ ability to flexibly arrange representations in verbal working memory was assessed using the adaptive digit ordering test (DOT-A) developed by Werheid et al. To test this hypothesis, we examined behavioral performance of serial ordering tests in PD patients with mild motor symptoms (Hoehn and Yahr Scale, HY, 1–2.5) and with normal global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA≥26/30) or mild cognitive impairment (21≤MoCA≤25). We hypothesized that deficits in serial ordering exist in early stages of PD, prior to subtle changes in global cognition and in parallel with motor symptoms. whether the impairment of serial ordering is a simple reflection of severe motor symptoms or global cognitive declines. Mini-Mental State Examination), leaving it unclear how the impairment of serial ordering develops in PD, i.e. Previous studies on serial ordering often pooled PD patients at early and advanced stages or screened dementia with less sensitive instruments (e.g. In particular, PD's difficulties in rearranging events along the time axis have been linked with aberrant activations over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and striatum. Similar ordering deficits have also been observed in unmedicated PD patients. They often failed to understand the temporal relation of events which were expressed out of chronological order or to organize a series of temporally related but randomly presented events to tell a sensible story. For example, medicated PD patients had difficulties in finding the temporal order of letters which were presented in loop or that of public events which were presented in a scrambled order. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) perform poorly in laboratory and ecological tasks that rely on the successful rearrangement of working memory representations. The problem of serial order in behavior has been one of the most complex and far-reaching problems in psychology. which information to convey first) and cognitive planning (e.g. In humans, the ability to arrange thoughts and actions in an appropriate serial order is essential to complex behaviors such as language production (e.g. ![]() These results suggested that serial ordering deficits exist in early stages of PD, prior to subtle changes in global cognition and in parallel with motor symptoms. However, individual patients’ task performances were not correlated with their severity or duration of motor symptoms, or daily exposure to dopaminergic drugs. The ordering cost increased as a function of age across groups, indicating an aging-related decline in the ability of serial ordering. PD-NC and PD-MCI patients performed significantly worse (with lower test scores and larger ordering costs) than healthy controls in both digit ordering and backward tests, although they performed normally in the forward test. All participants underwent three working memory assessments: two experimental tests that require reordering random digits following a particular rule (adaptive digit ordering test and digit span backward test) and a control test that requires maintaining but no reordering (digit span forward test). Nineteen patients had normal global cognition (PD-NC, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA≥26/30) and thirty patients had mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, 21≤MoCA≤25). We recruited 49 patients with mild idiopathic PD (Hoehn and Yahr Scale 1–2.5) and 51 matched healthy adults. We hypothesized that serial ordering is impaired in nondemented patients with mild PD. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) perform poorly in tasks that rely on the successful rearrangement of working memory representations. The ability to arrange thoughts and actions in an appropriate serial order (the problem of serial order) is essential to complex behaviors such as language, reasoning and cognitive planning. ![]()
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